The necessity to produce COVID-19 vaccines for immediate global distribution on such a large scale has further complicated matters. The international demand will outweigh the available supply for an indefinite period.

Intrinsically this creates security concerns. The challenges around the speed of delivery, new, unvetted lanes, and potential storage burdens, combined, bring the vaccine supply chain's sensitive nature to a new level.

This guide discusses the following:

• Covid-19 supply chain disruptions
• Last mile challenges for the vaccine cold chain
• Current risks to the Covid-19 vaccine supply chain and how to prevent them